The word binary in general refers to having two choices or "two of a thing"; in computer science binary refers to the base 2 numeral system, i.e. a system of writing numbers with only two symbols, usually 1s and 0s, which are commonly interpreted true vs false. We can write any number in binary just as we can with our everyday decimal system (which uses ten digits, as opposed to two), but binary is more convenient for computers because this system is easy to implement in electronics (a switch can be on or off, i.e. 1 or 0; systems with more digits were tried but unsuccessful, they failed miserably in reliability -- see e.g. ternary computers). The word binary is also by extension used for non-textual computer files such as native executable programs or asset files for games.
One binary digit (a "place" for binary value in computer memory) can be used to store exactly 1 bit of information. We mostly use binary digits in two ways:
Of course the binary system didn't appear from nowhere, people in ancient times used similar systems, e.g. the poet Pingala (200 BC) created a system that used two syllables for counting, old Egyptians used so called Eye of Horus, a unit based on power of two fractions etc. Thomas Harriot used something very similar to today's binary in 1600s. It's just that until computers appeared there wasn't much practical use for it, so no one cared.
{ There is one classic but overplayed joke that became extremely cringe exactly by being too overplayed by wannabe haxors who think learning binary makes you Einstein, however since many noobs will likely be reading this and it helps understand the subject, it may be good to tell it anyway. It goes like this: There are 10 types of people -- those who understand binary and those who don't. Sometimes this is extended with: and those who don't know this joke is in base 3. You can also give people the finger by sending them "binary four". ~drummyfish }
In binary we start by working with single bits -- each bit can hold two values, 1 and 0. We may see bits now like "simple numbers", we'll want to do operations with them, but they can only ever be one of the two values. Though we can interpret these values in any way -- e.g. in electronics we see them as high vs low voltage -- in mathematics we traditionally turn to using logic and interpret them as meaning true (1) and false (0). This will further allow us to apply all the knowledge and theory we have gathered about logic, such as formulas that allow us to simplify binary expressions etc.
Next we want to define "operations" we can perform on single bits -- for this we use so called Boolean algebra, which is originally a type of abstract algebra that works with sets and their operations such as conjunction, disjunction etc. Boolean algebra can be seen as a sort of simplified version of what we do in "normal" elementary school algebra -- just as we can add or multiply numbers, we can do similar things with individual bits, we just have a bit different operations such as logic AND, logic OR and so on. Generally Boolean algebra can operate with more than just two values, however that's more interesting to mathematicians; for us all we need now is a binary Boolean algebra -- that's what programmers have adopted for their field. It is the case that in context of computers and programming we implicitly understand Boolean algebra to be the one working with 1s and 0s, i.e. the binary version, so the word "boolean" is essentially used synonymously with "binary" around computers. Many programming languages have a data type called boolean or bool that allows represents just two values (true and false).
The very basic operations, or logic functions, of Boolean algebra are:
!): Done with single bit, turns 1 into 0 and vice versa./\): Done with two bits, yields 1 only if both input bits are 1, otherwise yields 0. This is similar to multiplication (1 * 1 = 1, 1 * 0 = 0, 0 * 1 = 0, 0 * 0 = 0) .\/): Done with two bits, yields 1 if at least one of the input bits is 1, otherwise yields 0. This is similar to addition (1 + 1 = 1, 1 + 0 = 1, 0 + 1 = 1, 0 + 0 = 0).There are also other function such as XOR (exclusive OR, is 1 exactly when the inputs differ) and negated versions of AND and OR (NAND and NOR, give opposite outputs of the respective non-negated function). The functions are summed up in the following table (we all these kinds of tables truth tables):
| x | y | NOT x | x AND y | x OR y | x XOR y | x NAND y | x NOR y | x NXOR y |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
In fact there exists more functions with two inputs and one output (16 in total, computing this is left as exercise :]). However not all are named -- we only use special names for the commonly used ones, mostly the ones in the table above.
An interesting thing is that we may only need one or two of these functions to be able to create all other function (this is called functional completeness); for example it is enough to only have AND and NOT functions together to be able to construct all other functions. Functions NAND and NOR are each enough by themselves to make all the other functions! For example NOT x = x NAND x, x AND y = NOT (x NAND y) = (x NAND y) NAND (x NAND y), x OR y = (x NAND x) NAND (y NAND y) etc.
Boolean algebra further tells us some basic laws we can use to simplify our expressions with these functions, for example:
By combining all of these simple functions it is possible to construct not only operations with whole numbers and traditional algebra, but also a whole computer that renders 3D graphics and sends multimedia over the Internet. For more details see logic circuits.
While we may use a single bit to represent two values, we can group more bits together and become able to represent more values; the more bits we group together, the more values we'll be able to represent as possible combinations of the values of individual bits. The number of bits, or "places" we have for writing a binary number is called a number of bits or bit width. A bit width N allows for storing 2^N values -- e.g. with 2 bits we can store 2^2 = 4 values: 0, 1, 2 and 3, in binary 00, 01, 10 and 11. With 3 bits we can store 2^3 = 8 values: 0 to 7, in binary 000, 001, 010, 011, 100, 101, 110, 111. And so on.
At the basic level binary works just like the decimal (base 10) system we're used to. While the decimal system uses powers of 10, binary uses powers of 2. Here is a table showing a few numbers in decimal and binary:
| decimal | binary |
|---|---|
| 0 | 0 |
| 1 | 1 |
| 2 | 10 |
| 3 | 11 |
| 4 | 100 |
| 5 | 101 |
| 6 | 110 |
| 7 | 111 |
| 8 | 1000 |
| ... | ... |
Conversion to decimal: let's see an example that utilizes the facts mentioned above. Let's have a number that's written as 10135 in decimal. The first digit from the right (5) says the number of 10^(0)s (1s) in the number, the second digit (3) says the number of 10^(1)s (10s), the third digit (1) says the number of 10^(2)s (100s) etc. Similarly if we now have a number 100101 in binary, the first digit from the right (1) says the number of 2^(0)s (1s), the second digit (0) says the number of 2^(1)s (2s), the third digit (1) says the number of 2^(2)s (4s) etc. Therefore this binary number can be converted to decimal by simply computing 1 * 2^0 + 0 * 2^1 + 1 * 2^2 + 0 * 2^3 + 0 * 2^4 + 1 * 2^5 = 1 + 4 + 32 = 37.
100101 = 1 + 4 + 32 = 37
||||||
\\\\\\__number of 2^0s (= 1s)
\\\\\__number of 2^1s (= 2s)
\\\\__number of 2^2s (= 4s)
\\\__number of 2^3s (= 8s)
\\__number of 2^4s (= 16s)
\__number of 2^5s (= 32s)
To convert from decimal to binary we can use a simple algorithm that's again derived from the above. Let's say we have a number X we want to write in binary. We will write digits from right to left. The first (rightmost) digit is the remainder after integer division of X by 2. Then we divide the number by 2. The second digit is again the remainder after division by 2. Then we divide the number by 2 again. This continues until the number is 0. For example let's convert the number 22 to binary: first digit = 22 % 2 = 0; 22 / 2 = 11, second digit = 11 % 2 = 1; 11 / 2 = 5; third digit = 5 % 2 = 1; 5 / 2 = 2; 2 % 2 = 0; 2 / 2 = 1; 1 % 2 = 1; 1 / 2 = 0. The result is 10110.
NOTE: once we start grouping bits to create numbers, we typically still also keep the possibility to apply the basic Boolean operations to these bits. You will sometimes encounter the term bitwise operation which signifies an operation that works on the level of single bits by applying given function to bits that correspond by their position; for example a bitwise AND of values 1010 and 1100 will give 1000.
Operations with binary numbers: again, just as we can do arithmetic with decimal numbers, we can do the same with binary numbers, even the algorithms we use to perform these operations with pen and paper work basically the same. For example the following shows multiplication of 110 (6) by 11 (3) to get 10010 (18):
110 *
11
___
110
110
____
10010
All of these operations can be implemented just using the basic boolean functions -- see logic circuits and CPUs.
In binary it is very simple and fast to divide and multiply by powers of 2 (1, 2, 4, 8, 16, ...), just as it is simply to divide and multiple by powers of 10 (1, 10, 100, 1000, ...) in decimal (we just shift the radix point, e.g. the binary number 1011 multiplied by 4 is 101100, we just added two zeros at the end). This is why as a programmer you should prefer working with powers of two (your programs can be faster if the computer can perform basic operations faster).
Binary can be very easily converted to and from hexadecimal and octal because 1 hexadecimal (octal) digit always maps to exactly 4 (3) binary digits. E.g. the hexadeciaml number F0 is 11110000 in binary (1111 is always equaivalent to F, 0000 is always equivalent to 0). This doesn't hold for the decimal base, hence programmers often tend to avoid base 10.
We can work with the binary representation the same way as with decimal, i.e. we can e.g. write negative numbers such as -110101 or rational numbers (or even real numbers) such as 1011.001101. However in a computer memory there are no other symbols than 1 and 0, so we can't use extra symbols such as - or . to represent such values. So if we want to represent more numbers than non-negative integers, we literally have to only use 1s and 0s and choose a specific representation/format/encoding of numbers -- there are several formats for representing e.g. signed (potentially negative) or rational (fractional) numbers, each with pros and cons. The following are the most common number representations:
As anything can be represented with numbers, binary can be used to store any kind of information such as text, images, sounds and videos. See data structures and file formats.
Binary numbers can nicely encode sets: one binary number can be seen as representing a set, with each bit saying whether an object is or is not present. For example an 8 bit number can represent a set of whole numbers 0 to 7. Consider e.g. a value S1 = 10000101 and S2 = 01001110; S1 represents a set { 0, 2, 7 }, S2 represents a set { 1, 2, 3, 6 }. This is natural and convenient, no bits are wasted on encoding order of numbers, only their presence or absence is encoded, and many set operations are trivial and very fast. For example the basic operations on sets, i.e. union, intersection, complement are simply performed with boolean operators OR, AND and NOT. Also checking membership, adding or removing numbers to the set etc. are very simple (left as an exercise for the reader lol; also another exercise -- in a similar fashion, how would you encode a multiset?). This is actually very useful and commonly used, for example chess engines often use 64 bit numbers to represent sets of squares on a chessboard.
Powered by nothing. All content available under CC0 1.0 (public domain). Send comments and corrections to drummyfish at disroot dot org.